iPhone Come Out Time Table

2007.06.29 iPhone 2G
2008.07.11 iPhone 3G
2009.06.09 iPhone 3GS
2010.06.08 iPhone 4
2011.10.05 iPhone 4S
2012.09.12 iPhone 5
2013.  ?.  ? iPhone 5S

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Epithelium

1. Simple squamous: endothelial layer of blood vessels, glomerulus of kidney,
2. Simple columnar: small intestine; brush border, microvilli, goblet mucus cells
3. Simple cuboidal: proximal tubule, microvilli, collecting duct of kidney
4. Pseudostratified columnar: respiratory system, all on basement membrane, basal cells = stem cells, goblet mucus cells, ciliated columnar absorptive epithelial cells, true cilia
5. Stratified squamous: skin, basal layer, light color melanocyte, Langerhans cells (immune)
6. Stratified cuboidal: salivary gland duct, sweat gland duct 
7. Transitional epithelia: bladder

• Parotid gland: pure serous cells
• Submendibular gland and sublingual gland: mix of serous cells (dark color) and mucus cells (light color)

Cell Surface Structures

1. Ca2+ dependent: cadherin, selectin
2. Ca2+ independent: integrin

Intercellular junctions:

• Tight junctions (zonula occludens): luminal side of epithelial, actin; occludin, claudin; "one electron dense line"
• Adherens junctions (zonula adherens): below tight junctions, actin, belt; cadherins; invasion; "two electron dense line"
• Desmosomes (macula adherens): below adherents junctions, keratin, intermediate filaments; cadherins; "button"
• Hemidesmosome: basal lamina, intermediate filaments; integrin
• Gap junctions: pores, connexins; Ca2+, cAMP

Surface structures:

1. Microvilli: luminal side, actin; epithelial cells in intestine, proximal tubule of kidney, and respiratory systems; increase surface area
2. Stereocilia: long, branched microvilli: epididymis; long microvilli: hair cells of inner ear 
3. True cilia & flagella: "9 + 2", 9 peripheral pairs and two microtubules in the center; ATPase dynein; respiratory tract, sperm tails; basal body; Kartagener syndrome

Cytoskeleton

1. Microfilament (actin): G-actin monomer; F-actin helix; + end polymerization, need ATP; - end depolymerization; motility, contractile ring in mitosis, microvilli.
2. Intermediate filament (tissue specific): Type I: keratin, epithelial; Type II: desmin, muscle, vimentin, fibroblasts, blood vessel SM, endothelial, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glial cell, peripherin, axon; Type III, neurofilament; Type IV, neuclear envelop lamin. Alzheimer's disease, cirrhotic liver diseases.
3. Microtubule: transport contents; cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle, dynein, ATP; dynein retrograde, kinesin anterograde. Gout, colchicine. Vinblastine, vincristine, cancer.

Microfilament and microtubule are continuously assembly and disassembly. Intermediate filaments are stable.

Peroxisome

Peroxisome = microbody

1. H2O2
2. Catalase: H2O2 -> H2O + O2
3. beta-oxidation: C24 -> ~C10
4. Replenish membrane phospholipid
5. Bile acid & cholesterol
6. Zellweger syndrome: empty peroxisome

Lysosome

Lysosome:

1. Primary: new from Golgi
2. Secondary: combined with contents
3. Acid hydrolyses pH 5.0
4. breakdown lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi apparatus:

1. Cut proinsulin to C-peptide and insulin by peptidase. Hyperproinsulinemia. NIDDM.
2. P is added to mannose in glycoproteins which is targeted to lysosomes. I-cell disease. Instead of targeting to lysosomes, those glycoproteins target to outside of the cell. Lysosomes are deficiency, and form inclusion bodies.

SER Function

SER function:

1. Phospholipids, TG, steroid.
2. Hydroxylation: add -OH by cytochrome P450.
3. Conjugation: add glucuronic acid.
4. Glycogen degradation, gluconeogenesis: remove P from G-6-P.
5. Lipolysis: remove fatty acid from TG.
6. =Sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle: storage and release Ca2+.

Protein from Ribosomes to Where

Polysomes = mRNA + multiple Ribosomes


Protein from ribosomes to where:

1. Free ribosomes: mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes. (MNP)
2. Membrane-bound ribosomes: membrane, lysosome, secretary. (MLS)

Nucleus Numbers

1. Hepatic cell has two nuclei.
2. Osteoclast cell and megakaryocyte have multiple nuclei.
3. Red blood cell has no nucleus.
4. Most cells have one nucleus.

Nucleolus Zones

Nucleolus three zones:
1. Granular zone: peripheral, dense, precursor of rRNA (RNA+protein)
2. Fibrillar zone: middle, dense, RNA only
3. Fibrillar center: center, light, transcription inactive DNA