Facial artery branches

1. Inferior labial
2. Superior labial
3. Lateral nasal
4. Angular

Facial nerve branches

1. Posterior auricular nerve
2. Temperal
3. Zygomatic
4. Buccal
5. Marginal mandible
6. Cervical

Muscles of the larynx

All innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of vagus nerve, except specially listed.

1. Aryepiglottic muscle, oblique arytenoid
2. Transverse arytenoid
3. Posterior cricoarytenoid
4. Thyroepiglotticus
5. Thyroarytenoid
6. Lateral cricoarytenoid
7. Cricothyroid: superior laryngeal nerve
8. Vocalis

Neurons and Glial cells

1. Nissl body: RER, nissl stain
2. Axon, dendrite, hillock, Schwann cells, myelin sheath 
3. Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

• Cardiac muscle:

1. Intercalated discs: special desmosomes junction, for structure integrity
2. Gap junctions: perpendicular to intercalated discs, on the side of cardic muscles, transmit electricity

• Smooth muscles:

1. Dense body, instead of Z line
2. Spindle shape

Muscles of pharynx

1. Stylopharyngeus: glossopharyngeal nerve
2. Salpingopharyngeus: accessory nerve
3. Superior pharyngeal constrictor: accessory nerve
4. Middle pharyngeal constrictor: accessory nerve
5. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor: upper part: accessory nerve; lower part: recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve

Palate muscles

1. Levator veli palatini: accessary nerve
2. Tensor veli palatini: mandibular branche of trigeminal nerve
3. Palatoglossus: accessary nerve
4. Palatopharyngeus: accessary nerve
5. Musculus uvulae: accessary nerve

Extrinsic tongue muscle

1. Genioglossus
2. Chondroglossus
3. Hyoglossus
4. Styloglossus
5. All innervated by hypoglossal nerve.
   
   

External eye muscle

• Levator palpebrae superioris:

1. Forms levator aponeurosis
2. Inserts on superior tarsal plate and skin of upper eyelid
3. Oculomotor nerve

• Superior rectus: oculomotor nerve
• Superior oblique: trochlear nerve
• Medial rectus: oculomotor nerve
• Lateral rectus: abducens nerve
• Inferior rectus: oculomotor nerve
• Inferior oblique: oculomotor nerve

Two muscles of the middle ear

• Tensor tympani

1. Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
2. Reduce chewing sounds and loud noise

• Stapedius

1. Facial nerve
2. Reduce chewing sounds and loud noise

Differences among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

• Skeletal muscle:

1. Striated
2. Unbranched
3. Z line
4. Multinuclei, peripheral
5. T tubules forms triad at A-I junction
6. No gap junctions

• Cardiac muscle:

1. Striated
2. Branched
3. Z line
4. One nucleus, center
5. T tubules forms dyad at Z line
6. Intercalated discs, gap junctions

• Smooth muscle:

1. No striated
2. No Z line
3. Dense bodies
4. One nucleus
5. No T tubules
6. Gap junctions

Scaffolding proteins of skeletal muscles

1. Nebulin: along actin to Z line
2. Titin: along myosin to Z line

Two types of skeletal muscle

• Red skeletal muscle fibers:

1. Type I
2. high myoglobin & mitochondria content
3. aerobic
4. low ATPase
5. slow movement muscle, posture-maintainig muscle

• White skeletal muscle fibers:

1. Type II
2. low myoglobin & mitochondria content
3. anaerobic
4. high ATPase
5. fast movement muscle: eye muscles, hands, legs

Skeletal muscle

1. Sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane), endomysium (CT arround sarcolema), perimysium, epimysium
2. Multiple nuclei, peripheral
3. Limited ability to regenerate
4. Stem cells: satellite cells. Low satellite cell numbers in muscular dystrophy.

Two types of bone formation

• Intramembranous bone formation:

1. From mesenchymal cells
2. No cartilage formation
3. Forms primary spongy bone, spicules, lacunae, osteocytes, skull

• Endochondral bone formation:

1. From hyaline cartilage
2. Forms long bones, vertebrae, pelvis bones
3. Epiphyseal plate: reserve zone, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, bone marrow.

Osteoclasts

1. Hematopoietic stem cells -> monocyte (from blood or bone marrow) -> osteoclasts
2. Osteoclast has multiple nuclei. Eosinophilic, pink.
3. Break down bone matrix.

Haversian canal

1. osteoprogenitor cells
2. osteoblasts
3. blood vessels
4. osteocytes in lacunae
5. circumferential lamellae
6. canaliculi between lacunae, gap junctions

Bone

• mesenchymal cells -> osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblast

1. Compact bone: solid mass
2. Spongy bone or cancellous bone: trabecular, bone marrow

• Bone matrix: osteoid (hydroxyapatite), type I collagen, glycoaminoglycans (GAGs)
• Osteoblasts: secrete bone matrix, basophilic, blue, one nucleus.

Three types of cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage:

1. for bone formation
2. articular surface of joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi
3. hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate
4. high water content, perichondrium
5. Rheumatoid arthritis damages articular cartilage
6. Uric acid crystals in joints -> gout

• Elastic cartilage:

1. type II collagen, elastic fibers
2. external ears

• Fibrocartilage:

1. type I, II collagen
2. intervertebral disk, menisci of knee, attachment of tendons and ligaments
3. less water content, no perichondrium

Cartilage Growth

1. Appositional growth: outside, increase width
2. Interstitial growth: inside, increase length

Cartilage matrix

1. Immature: more collagen than glycoaminoglycans (GAGs), acidophilic, pink staining
2. Mature: more GAGs than collagen, basophilic, blue staining
3. Blood vessels can't penetrate cartilage.

Cartilage

1. mesenchymal cell -> chondroid progenitor cell -> chondroblast -> chondrocyte
2. Chondroid matrix: perichondrium, stem cells ->> fibroblast, chondroid progenitor cell
3. Chondroblast: type II collagen, glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) 

Connective Tissue

1. Normal connective tissue: loose CT, submucosa, papillary dermis of the skin; dense CT
2. Dense connective tissue: dense regular CT, tendon, bone, cornea; dense irregular CT: dermis, organ capsules
3. Specialized connective tissues: bone, cartilage, bone marrow, adipose tissue

• Permanent resident cells: fibroblast -> fibrocyte, myofibroblast (smooth muscle + fibroblast), osteoblast, adipocyte
• Permanent guest cells: macrophages (from monocyte), mast cells (histamine)
• Transient cells: basophils, eosinophils, lyphoncytes, monocytes, neutrophils, plasma cells

1. Extracellular matrix: collagen, elastin, fibrillin, fibronectin; proteoglycans, glycoproteins
2. Collagen: Gly-X-Y triple helix
3. Collagen synthesis: RER (prepro-alpha chain) -> Golgi (hydroxylation, Vc, glycosylation) -> triple helix -> procollagen secreted -> propeptides cleaved -> tropocollagen -> fibrils, lysyl oxidase, Cu+. Scurvy: Vc deficiency -> hydroxylation deficiency. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: collagen, lysine hydroxylase gene mutations, procollagen can't turn into tropocollagen.

• Type I collagen: most, tendon, ligaments, bone, skin, cornea. Osteogenesis Imperfecta: collagen gene mutation; "blue sclera"
• Type II collagen: cartilage, intervertebral discs, vitreous body of the eye
• Type III collagen: reticular fibers, blood vessels, PAS, silver stain
• Type IV collagen: basal lamina

1. Elastic fibers: elastin, fibrillin, artery wall, alveolar wall, skin. Marfan syndrome, fibrillin gene mutation on chromosome 15.
2. Reticular fibers: type III collagen, lymphatic tissues, bone marrow, liver stroma

• Fibronectin: binds to collagen, etc; cell interactions
• Proteoglycans: glycoaminoglycans attach to a protein core, sulfated residues, "-" charge, attach to hyaluronan by linker protein
• Glycoproteins: laminin (basement membrane), binds to integrins via entactin (link laminin to type IV collagen)